100 Obras Maestras de la Literatura Universal - formato ePub

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tzu

Sun Tzu was a Chinese military general, strategist, and philosopher who lived in the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. The name he is best known by is actually an honorific which means "Master Sun".

He is traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War, an extremely influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy.

Sun Tzu has had a significant impact on Chinese and Asian history and culture, both as the author of The Art of War and as a legendary historical figure.

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), a major Italian poet of the late Middle Ages, has been called the father of the Italian language. His classic masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is widely considered to be the greatest literary work ever composed in Italian, and his writing has inspired a wide range of artists including sculptor Auguste Rodin, composer Franz Liszt, and numerous authors, such as Geoffrey Chaucer, John Milton, and T.S. Eliot.

John Milton (1608–1674) was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost (1667), written in blank verse. Milton's poetry and prose reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self-determination, and the urgent issues and political turbulence of his day.

Écrivain et philosophe suisse d'expression française, Jean-Jacques Rousseau est né le 28 juin 1712 à Genève. Il est l'auteur entre autres de "Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes" (1755), "Julie ou la Nouvelle Héloïse" (1761), "Émile ou De l'éducation" (1762), "Du contrat social" (1762), "Les Confessions" (1765-1770) et "Les Rêveries du promeneur solitaire" (1776-1778). Il est mort le 20 mai 1778 à Ermenonville (Oise).

Jonathan Swift est né à Dublin en 1667. Orphelin de père, il fut élevé par ses oncles. Après des études de théologie, il fut nommé pasteur et commença à écrire sa première satire. Par la suite, il composera de nombreux pamphlets humoristiques, qui tous attestent d'un ton féroce et un style mordant, caractéristiques de son écriture. Il meurt à Dublin en 1745.

William Makepeace Thackeray was born in Calcutta in 1811. He was sent to England in 1817 and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. Following a period of gambling, unsuccessful investments and a brief career as a
lawyer, he turned to writing and drawing. In 1836 he married Isabella Shawe; following the birth of their second daughter, her mental health deteriorated and she had to be permanently supervised by a private nurse. Thackeray's first novel, Catherine, was published in 1839-40. Following the success of Vanity Fair (1847-8) he was able to devote himself to fiction, and his other notable works include Pendennis (1849), The History of Henry Esmond (1852) and The Newcomes (1855). He also edited the commercially successful Cornhill Magazine, which published writers such as Tennyson, George Eliot and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Thackeray
died suddenly on Christmas Eve, 1863.

Born in Ireland in 1856, Oscar Wilde was a noted essayist, playwright, fairy tale writer and poet, as well as an early leader of the Aesthetic Movement. His plays include: An Ideal Husband, Salome, A Woman of No Importance, and Lady Windermere's Fan. Among his best known stories are The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Canterville Ghost.

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was born on August 30, 1797, into a life of personal tragedy. In 1816, she married the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, and that summer traveled with him and a host of other Romantic intellectuals to Geneva. Her greatest achievement was piecing together one of the most terrifying and renowned stories of all time: Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. Shelley said she conceived of Frankenstein in “a waking dream.” This vision was simply of a student kneeling before a corpse brought to life. Yet this tale of a mad creator and his abomination has inspired a multitude of storytellers and artists. She died on February 1, 1851.

Bram Stoker (1847–1912) grew up in Ireland listening to his mother's tales of blood-drinking fairies and vampires rising from their graves. He later managed the Lyceum Theatre in London and worked as a civil servant, newspaper editor, reporter, and theater critic. Dracula, his best-known work, was published in 1897 and is hailed as one of the founding pieces of Gothic literature.

Wilkie Collins (January 8, 1824-September 23, 1889) was the author of thirty novels, more than sixty short stories, fourteen plays (including an adaptation of The Moonstone), and more than one hundred nonfiction pieces. His best-known works are The Woman in White, The Moonstone, Armadale, and No Name.

Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875 - 1950)
Edgar Rice Burroughs was a prolific American author of the 'pulp' era. The son of a Civil War veteran, he saw brief military service with the 7TH U.S. Cavalry before he was diagnosed with a heart problem and discharged. After working for five years in his father's business, Burroughs left for a string of disparate and short-lived jobs, and was working as a pencil sharpener wholesaler when he decided to try his hand at writing. He found almost instant success when his story 'Under the Moons of Mars' was serialised in All-Story Magazine in 1912, earning him the then-princely sum of $400.

Burroughs went on to have tremendous success as a writer, his wide-ranging imagination taking in other planets (John Carter of Mars and Carson of Venus), a hollow earth (Pellucidar), a lost world, westerns, historicals and adventure stories. Although he wrote in many genres, Burroughs is best known for his creation of the archetypal jungle hero, Tarzan. Edgar Rice Burroughs died in 1950.

Écrivain anglais, Herbert George Wells est né à Bromley (Royaume-Uni) le 21 septembre 1866, mort à Londres le 13 août 1946. On lui doit de célèbres romans fantastiques et d'anticipation dont, entre autres, "L'Homme invisible", "Au temps de la comète" ou encore "La Guerre des mondes".

Mark Twain (1835 - 1910), dont le véritable nom est Samuel Langhorne Clemens, est né dans la Missouri. Orphelin de père à l'âge de douze ans, il exerce plusieurs métiers : typographe, rédacteur dans un journal, pilote de bateau à vapeur sur le Mississipi. Ne voulant pas se battre au côté des sudistes pour le maintien de l'esclavage, il s'enfuit vers les montagnes du Névada et devient chercheur d'or. A partir de 1864, il exerce l'activité de reporter à San Francisco et se déplace en Europe en tant que correspondant de presse. Romancier, humoriste et essayiste, il décrira avec réalisme et sévérité la société américaine.

John Griffith, dit Jack London, est né à San Francisco le 12 janvier 1876. Fils illégitime de fermiers, élevé dans la misère, il est tour à tour marin chasseur de phoque, chercheur d'or au Klondike lors de la ruée vers l'or de 1897 et correspondant de presse. L'Appel du désert (1903) et Croc-Blanc (1907), qui mettent en scène l'aventure, le monde animal (comme l'histoire du chien Buck dans L'Appel de la fo

Born in 1804, Nathaniel Hawthorne is known for his historical tales and novels about American colonial society. After publishing The Scarlet Letter in 1850, its status as an instant bestseller allowed him to earn a living as a novelist. Full of dark romanticism, psychological complexity, symbolism, and cautionary tales, his work is still popular today. He has earned a place in history as one of the most distinguished American writers of the nineteenth century.

J. M. Barrie (1860-1937) was a Scottish playwright and novelist best remembered for creating the character Peter Pan. The mischievous boy first appeared in Barrie's novel The Little White Bird in 1902 and then later in Barrie's most famous work, Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, which premiered on stage in 1904 and was later adapted into a novel in 1911. An imaginative tale about a boy who can fly and never ages, the story of Peter Pan continues to delight generations around the world and has become one of the most beloved children's stories of all time. Peter's magical adventures with Tinker Bell, the Darling children, and Captain Hook have been adapted into a variety of films, television shows, and musicals.

L. Frank Baum (1856-1919) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1900 and received enormous, immediate success. Baum went on to write seventeen additional novels in the Oz series. Today, he is considered the father of the American fairy tale. His stories inspired the 1939 classic film The Wizard of Oz, one of the most widely viewed movies of all time.

MinaLima is an award-winning graphic design studio founded by Miraphora Mina and Eduardo Lima, renowned for establishing the visual graphic style of the Harry Potter and Fantastic Beasts film series. Specializing in graphic design and illustration, Miraphora and Eduardo have continued their involvement in the Harry Potter franchise through numerous design commissions, from creating all the graphic elements for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Diagon Alley at Universal Orlando Resort, to designing award-winning publications for the brand. Their best-selling books include Harry Potter and the Philospher’s Stone, Harry Potter Film Wizardry, The Case of Beasts: Explore the Film Wizardry of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, The Archive of Magic: Explore the Film Wizardry of Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, and J.K. Rowling’s Fantastic Beasts screenplays. MinaLima studio is renowned internationally for telling stories through design and has created its own MinaLima Classics series, reimagining a growing collection of much-loved tales including Peter Pan, The Secret Garden, and Pinocchio.

Fils d'un général de l'Empire, Victor Hugo, né à Besançon le 26 février 1802, est d'abord un poète classique et monarchiste (Odes, 1822). Mais la publication de la Préface de son drame historique Cromwell (1827) et des Orientales (1829), puis la représentation d'Hernani font de lui la meilleure incarnation du romantisme en poésie (les Feuilles d'automne, 1831 ; les Chants du crépuscule, 1835 ; les Voix intérieures, 1837 ; les Rayons et les Ombres, 1840), au théâtre (Marion de Lorme, 1831 ; Le roi s'amuse, 1832 ; Marie Tudor, 1833 ; Ruy Blas, 1838) et dans ses romans historiques (Notre-Dame de Paris, 1831), tandis qu'il évolue vers les idées libérales et le culte napoléonien. Après l'échec de sa trilogie dramatique des Burgraves (1843) et la mort de sa fille Léopoldine, il se consacre à la politique (il est pair de France en 1845). Député en 1848, il s'exile à Jersey, puis à Guernesey, après le coup d'État du 2 décembre 1851. C'est alors qu'il donne les poèmes satiriques des Châtiments (1853), dirigés contre Napoléon III, le recueil lyrique des Contemplations (1856), histoire de l'âme du poète dédiée à Léopoldine, l'épopée de la Légende des siècles (édition définitive : 1883), ainsi que des romans (les Misérables ; les Travailleurs de la mer, 1866 ; l'Homme qui rit, 1869). Rentré en France en 1870, partisan des idées républicaines, il est un personnage honoré et officiel, et, à sa mort le 22 mai 1885, ses cendres sont transférées au Panthéon.

Philosophe allemand, Friedrich Nietzsche est né le 15 octobre 1844 à Roecken, en Prusse. On lui doit entre autres le célèbre Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra (Un livre pour tous et pour personne), son grand livre prophétique dans lequel il exalte les valeurs vitales aux dépens des valeurs de connaissance, Par-delà le bien et le mal (Prélude à une philosophie de l'avenir, Le Crépuscule des idoles, L'Antéchrist et Ecce homo. Il est mort après une crise de démence le 25 août 1900.

Écrivain et psychanalyste autrichien, Sigmund Freud, "père fondateur" de la psychanlyse, est né le 6 mai 1856 à Freiberg, en Moravie (aujourd'hui Przibor, en République tchèque). Il est mort à Londres le 23 septembre 1939 à l'âge de 86 ans.

Écrivain et Jésuite espagnol, Baltasar Gracian est né en 1601 à Belmonte de Calatayud (Espagne). De nombreus auteurs contemporains tels Vladimir Jankélévitch, Jacques Lacan, Guy Debord, ont lu avec passion son essai sur l'art de la courtisanerie intitulé L'Homme de Cour, qui reste d'une modernité brûlante. Il est mort le 6 décembre 1658.

José Zorrilla y Moral (1817-1893) was both a prolific playwright and the romantic poet who impressed himself more than any other upon nineteenth-century Spain. His own life was just as romantic as his work; a mixture of flight, poverty and concealment.

Spanish realist (1852-1901) best known for the novel _La regenta_. Alas is also known as Clarín.

Horacio Quiroga naît à Salto Oriental en Uruguay en 1878 et se suicide à Buenos Aires en 1937. Il s'installe à San Ignacio en pleine forêt tropicale où il s'essaiera à plusieurs exploitations, dont celle du coton. Fasciné par la forêt, toute son œuvre en porte l'empreinte, celle de la folie et de la violence. Considéré comme le maître de la nouvelle latino-américaine, il est l'égal de Maupassant pour le post-naturalisme et celui de Villiers de l'Isle-Adam pour les inventions cruelles. Le chant de la mélancolie de la mort envahit ses récits, d'une beauté exceptionnelle, où perce la vulnérabilité de l'existence.